Stromal Cells: An Insight into the Function and Importance of the Supporting Cells in Our Body
What Are Stromal Cells?
Stromal cells, also known as mesenchymal cells, are a diverse group of non-hematopoietic cells that play a crucial role in supporting and maintaining the function of various tissues and organs in our body. These cells are found in almost every part of our body, including the bone marrow, adipose tissue, skin, liver, kidneys, and lungs, among others. Unlike hematopoietic cells, which give rise to blood and immune cells, stromal cells are not involved in direct blood cell production, but instead, they provide a supportive microenvironment for the stem cells to differentiate and mature.The Functions of Stromal Cells
Stromal cells have diverse functions, depending on their location and the tissue they reside in. In the bone marrow, stromal cells, specifically, mesenchymal stem cells, play a critical role in supporting hematopoietic stem cells by providing them with a specialized niche for differentiation and growth. Mesenchymal stem cells are also involved in tissue repair and regeneration, and they have been used in clinical trials to treat conditions such as osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders. In adipose tissue, stromal cells, specifically, adipose-derived stem cells, are involved in regulating metabolism and energy homeostasis. These stem cells can differentiate into various cell types, including adipocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, among others. Additionally, these stem cells have been used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. In the skin, stromal cells, specifically, dermal fibroblasts, play a crucial role in maintaining skin homeostasis, including the synthesis and maintenance of the extracellular matrix that supports the skin's structure and elasticity. These cells are also involved in wound healing and skin regeneration.The Importance of Stromal Cells in Disease
Stromal cells' dysregulation and dysfunction have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, and autoimmune disorders. In cancer, stromal cells, specifically, cancer-associated fibroblasts, can promote tumor growth and metastasis by secreting growth factors, extracellular matrix components, and immunosuppressive molecules. Additionally, stromal cells have been targeted for cancer therapy, including immunotherapy and targeting stromal cell-derived signaling pathways. In fibrosis, stromal cells, specifically, myofibroblasts, play a crucial role in the deposition of extracellular matrix that leads to the scarring and stiffening of tissues. Targeting these cells' differentiation and activation has been proposed as a potential therapy for fibrotic diseases. In autoimmune disorders, stromal cells, specifically, mesenchymal stem cells, have been suggested to modulate the immune response and suppress inflammation. These cells have been used in clinical trials to treat conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, and lupus. In conclusion, stromal cells are a critical component of our body's supporting cells, maintaining tissue homeostasis and promoting tissue repair and regeneration. Dysregulation of these cells contributes to various diseases, and targeting these cells' functions has great potential for therapeutic intervention.
